Complex physical systems often require precise and comprehensive monitoring of their state in order to be operated as efficiently as possible.
This monitoring is generally based on physical sensor instrumentation, which can raise several recurring challenges across many industrial sectors (energy, transport, aerospace, maritime, etc.).
cost
These sensors are often very expensive
disturbances
They can be intrusive and interfere with the normal operation of the system.
maintenance
They require maintenance, and their performance can drift over time.
Measurement Limitations
Some physical quantities cannot be easily measured.